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Maria da Penha Maia Fernandes (Fortaleza, Ceará, 1945) is a Brazilian biopharmacist and women rights activist. A victim of domestic violence by her husband, she fought for her attacker came to be condemned. On August 7th, 2006, the president of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva sanctioned the Federal Law 11340, known as Law Maria da Penha, in which the severity of punishment for crimes against women was increased, when occurring in a domestic or family environment. ==History== In 1983 her husband, Colombian teacher Marco Antonio Heredia Viveros, tried to kill her twice. The first time he shot her in her sleep, the second time he tried to electrocute her while showering. Penha was left paraplegic due to these attacks. 〔In the following year Maria da Penha began a legal process against Viveros. Seven years later, he was sentenced to 15 years in prison. The defense appealed the sentence and the conviction was overturned. A new trial was held in 1996 and a sentence of 10 years was applied. In 2001, Viveros was sentenced to eight years in prison. Through legal resources, he was jailed for two years. Viveiros was released in 2002. In 2001, the episode came to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States (OAS) and for the first time in history it was considered a crime of domestic violence.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://cejil.org/en/cases/maria-da-penha )〕 The Commission published a report blaming the Brazilian government for negligence and omission regarding domestic violence. On August 7th, 2001 the Brazilian government sanctioned the law against domestic violence toward women, entering into force on September 22nd of that year. Today, Penha is coordinator of studies of the Associação de Parentes e Amigos de Vítimas de Violência (APAVV), in Ceará. She attended the ceremony of the sanction of Brazilian law that bears her name, together with other ministers and representatives of the feminist movement. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maria da Penha」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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